1. 7 Trunk and branches usually without adventitious sprouts; umbo flat or blunt.

2. Nodules radiating from umbo are separated by a wide, shallow sulcus or furrow.

3. The umbos are swollen and elevated above the hinge line, and they turn inward and anteriorly.

4. The displacement response and the specific acoustic impedance of the umbo were calculated from the velocity and sound pressure measured.

5. A strong correlation was found between the specific acoustic impedance of the umbo and hearing thresholds for hearing-impaired subjects (having otosclerosis or sensorineural hearing losses).

6. +Cap+ reddish-brown, 3 to 6 inches broad, fleshy; when young egg-shaped, and then Campanulate, and flattening out with a broad, obtuse umbo.

7. After designing a new type of laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) that allows detection of displacement amplitudes down to about 1 pm, we used this device in 20 subjects to measure growth functions of the distortion products of otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) as vibrations of the umbo.